We are sure that the term dark matter is not familiar to many of you, as few people really understand what is hidden under this simple name.
And we’re not just talking about ordinary people, but even scientists have little idea of what dark matter is, and in the United States and Europe are currently spending millions of dollars to build fast machines and complex equipment to help us understand these mysterious things.
What is dark matter ?
So if we don’t know what dark matter is, then how do we know where to find it : it started when astronomers tried to weigh galaxies.
It is known that there are two ways to do this:
The first is by measuring an amount for the location of the galaxy, and then converting that to mass.
The second way: is by looking at the movement of the stars, everything in the universe revolves around the Earth, and the rest of the planets as well, and all of that revolves around the sun, and the latter revolves around the center of our galaxy, the Milky Way, with billions of other stars in the galaxy.
This rotation: presents the second method for measuring the weight of the galaxy by studying the speed of the stars from its edge. The faster the galaxy’s rotation, the greater its mass.
How was the mass of the Milky Way measured ?
When astronomers made calculations in two ways in the year one thousand nine hundred and thirty, they faced a big problem, which is that each galaxy is measured in two ways; The result of each method is different from the other.
The method of galactic rotation gives a much greater mass than the method of measuring the brightness of light.
Since they were sure of the correctness of the two measurement methods, they concluded that there is a substance that we cannot see and that is the reason for the huge increase in mass.
When using the second method, this substance is what they called the organizing substance.
To simplify the matter more : Imagine that you are looking at a skyscraper at night, you only see several lights, rooms, and this does not mean that there are no other rooms in that skyscraper, but rather they exist only and do not produce light.
And so we don’t see it and so is dark matter like those invisible chambers. Astronomy began to appear in the thirties of the nineteenth century.
Unfortunately, this means that very few are aware of this strange phenomenon.
Later in the year one thousand nine hundred and seventy-two: the astronomers Vera Rubin and Kenford measured the rotation speed of stars on the edge of the spiral Andromeda galaxy and many other galaxies later, and the measurements showed that the rotation speed of stars and gas does not decrease when moving away from the center of the galaxy as predicted by the calculations sports,
Dark matter confirmation theories:
This leads us to the conclusion that in order for galaxies to remain in a stable and stable state as it is, there must be an additional mass of non-luminous or dark matter and it seems that this invisible lost mass is greater than the mass of visible luminous matter.
Scientists have begun to investigate, and are trying to ascertain the end of this mysterious dark matter, which, as you remember, cannot be seen but at the same time, you can feel it by its immense gravity.
During the next ten years, many hypotheses emerged about the role of this mysterious substance, but they were ruled out after another.
There is one possibility that it is composed of mysterious gas or dust that fills the space around the stars; But in fact, it is a substance that is always radioactive, and if there is a lot of gas or dust scattered in the galaxy, then we can observe it, as this picture shows dust emissions inside the galaxy.
In addition, gas and dust were created inside the galaxy. According to observations and calculations, this mysterious substance extends several thousand light-years from the optical boundaries of the galaxy, and forms a kind of halo around the galaxy.
There is a hypothesis that this material is the cold bodies of billions and trillions of dead stars that are so weak and small that we cannot see white dwarfs, or soft stars, or perhaps even some black holes; But this hypothesis was also determined by observation and observations in that article.
In fact, the already massive amount in matter larger than the stars themselves, we would have observed them through a phenomenon called molecular lenses, which are used when a space object distorts the light of something behind it, but during the observation period there were very few such events.
This suggestion was ruled out again to return to the starting point again.
Confirmation of dark matter theories result:
It seems that the only option left for us is that the particles of this mysterious and strange matter consist of something more exotic than protons, which are the electrons that are usual for us.
The problem is if we really can’t see these molecules, that means that they can’t interact with light in any way, and they can’t absorb or radiate it.
Among the particles known to us, neutrons seem the best candidates . In fact, these light particles are literally everywhere and at this moment billions of neutrons born from the sun are flying through us, and we don’t even feel them.
These particles interact with us almost and do not absorb nor seem to be the ideal candidates for dark matter.
It was believed that it might be dark matter and the dark matter might consist of an infinite number of protons .
Which we can’t see, even if it was just that simple, but neutrons are a substance that is not known for certain to us, all we know for sure is that it is one ten millionth of the mass of an electron, and this means that it is a hundred times less than the mass we need to harness the huge mass of dark matter.
If dark matter is not ordinary particles such as protons or neutrons, then what is it? Are they black holes? Not only on other suitable particles with standard specifications known to us.
The only possibility to search for answers beyond this are two main types of Western candidates.
Dark Matter Ingredients:
We don’t know if these particles really exist in nature, but if these types do exist, can you think of the puzzling puzzle of black matter, first matter, or huge weak interaction particles.
It is a specific class of molecules that originate in the theory of supersymmetry.
In this theory, these particles are ten times heavier and only interact through the weak forces, and scientists use huge tanks with liquid oil to preserve them, and if the particles were present in a huge cloud everywhere in our galaxy in this case on a part of it would interact with the xenon thres.
In labs they shoot it in alternating current over many months of observation, yet there are no positive results which narrow the potential
parameters considerably.
Nuclear Reactions Theory:
For example, in terms of mass, these hypothetical molecules and other molecules called exons, which were predicted by the theory of nuclear interactions, which in contrast to the previous matter are very light, to a very large extent, almost billions of the mass of an electron.
